Date of Award
2023
Degree Type
Thesis
Degree Name
Master of Science in Ocean Engineering
Department
Ocean Engineering
First Advisor
Brennan Phillips
Abstract
Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry has become an increasingly useful tool in recent years for underwater surveys of seafloor environments. The resulting digital 3D reconstructions from SfM provide rich information for quantifying changes in benthic communities and allow for more effective long-term monitoring and conservation efforts. In coastal waters, the current method involves divers placing physical ground control points (GCPs) and scale-bars on the substrate, swimming in a boustrophedon pattern over the substrate, and taking several overlapping images with high-cost digital cameras. The necessity of GCPs and divers when using a single camera greatly limits the depths in which spatially rectified SfM photogrammetric reconstructions can be created. The introduction of stereo-camera systems, when properly calibrated, can remove the need for GCPs and allows for autonomous and remotely operated vehicles to facilitate quantitative image surveys of benthic environments beyond diver-depths. However, current stereo-camera systems are typically expensive and require robust onboard computing to achieve real-time quantitative image processing. Many ecological applications for using stereo-camera systems, including SfM and accurate measurement of mobile fauna, make the necessity of a low-cost underwater stereo imaging system crucial for efficient monitoring of marine ecosystems. Difficult to access marine areas, especially in locations with less resources for expensive surveying equipment, could particularly benefit from an economical and open-source SfM solution. This study presents the design of an underwater StereoPi, a compact and low-cost stereo imaging system designed using RaspberryPi components and encased in a stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed resin housing, as well as an open-source calibration and image processing workflow using Python 3.9 and Agisoft Metashape Professional. Underwater calibration data, including hydrostatic testing, are presented to determine how hydrostatic pressures affect the system’s accuracy of stereo imagery measurements and spatially rectified reconstructions in deep water. The presented system has been field tested in Bermuda using a fiber optic tethered remote system for real-time disparity map viewing through first-person goggles to a depth of 70 meters, as well as a diver-held system in Panamá for benthic SfM photogrammetry.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Recommended Citation
Runyan, Alexandra T., "DEVELOPING A LOW-COST STEREO IMAGING SYSTEM FOR QUANTITATIVE VISUAL MODELING OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTS" (2023). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 2342.
https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/2342