GREEN MAPPING PAWTUXET VILLAGE, RHODE ISLAND: A COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILTY ASSESSMENT

Sustainability, while it is a global movement, is not well understood by the public. The main goals of this project were to develop a process to educate community residents in Pawtuxet Village, Rhode Island about sustainability across scales (local, state, region, nation and beyond) and to help a community to create a definition and vision of sustainability locally. Two main tools were used. First, a series of workshops was organized to teach a community group about sustainability and to suggest ways in which it might apply to their own community. Second, a Green Mapping system was used to develop a community inventory and to depict this data graphically. The Green Mapping system provides a process and tools for the community group to create a local definition of sustainability, to inventory those aspects of their community that enhance and undermine sustainability, and to develop strategies to pursue sustainability. The major outcome of this project is a Green Map for Pawtuxet Village, Rhode Island and the development of a process that can be used in other communities. A Green Map is a locally adaptable mapping framework that depicts interactions between the natural and the social environments using a system of icons. Produced from "bottom-up" methodology, the Pawtuxet Village Green Map represents local knowledge that is based on local residents' experiences of this place. The map shows the spatial and temporal integration of the environment, the natural and the built infrastructures, and social and economic networks. The Pawtuxet Village Green Map is a tool that highlights what residents value about this place and what features need enhancement and protection.

2. To teach a community group about sustainability and to suggest ways in which it might apply to their own community.
3. To facilitate the development of a "scale of concepts," the features and relationships to be depicted on the Green Map and their relative importance. This scale is a guide to the map's content that establishes priorities, emphasizes linkages and informs what should be highlighted and suppressed.
4. To guide and assist the project team to collect, inventory, site and assess the features and relationships to be depicted on the Green Map.
5. To design a Pawtuxet Village Green Map using the project team's data and guidelines.

SIGNIFICANCE AND HISTORY
Sustainability and the Significance of the Pawtuxet Village Case Study The sustainable communities movement seeks to create unique, life-enhancing, enduring places that minimize human impacts on the world while providing just opportunities and resources for current and future generations to enjoy high quality lives. With the rise ofthis movement and the New Urbanists, there has been a new emphasis on planning, creating and retrofitting more environmentally compatible aesthetically pleasing, mixed-use and pedestrian accessible neighborhoods and new suburban developments Beatley and Manning, 2000;and Duany et al, 2000).
The urgency of the need for sustainable communities is evident today more than ever before. Global environmental degradation is accelerating, the economic gap between developed and undeveloped countries is increasing, fossil fuels are extracted and consumed at an alarming rate; and annually millions of acres of land and water are being lost or damaged by development and disasters. In American cities and suburbs, the number of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is increasing, wildlife habitat has been fragmented, drinking water is threatened and there is a lost sense of place and unique community character . This is happening at a time when municipalities, planners, environmental groups and concerned citizens are finally trying to manage and reign in the sprawling development patterns of the last fifty years.
Concurrently, people are starting to abandon the older inner suburbs in search of more pleasing places with "rural character" farther out in the greenfields. Older suburbs like Cranston and Warwick, Rhode Island are starting to deteriorate. Strip shopping plazas, tract homes and national commercial franchise buildings were typically built to last between twenty to thirty 2 years (Duany, et al, 2000). So, not only was this development haphazardly designed in the first place, but now the post-World War II buildings in the inner-ring suburbs are starting to fall apart.
Many communities are left with brownfields and empty big-box franchises because Americans increasingly desire larger lots and homes with more square feet on the suburban fringe or second homes in fragile coastal environments.
In addition to improving the environmental, aesthetic and economic character of our existing communities, the sustainable re-use and retrofit of standing places may be the best defense against greenfield sprawl. Timothy Beatley suggests that sustainable locations are as important as the materials and the energy consumed by the structures themselves (Beatley,p. 314). Sometimes even the New Urbanist developments are simply more attractive sprawl. It requires less energy and it is significantly cheaper and less land consumptive to enhance places with existing transportation and utility infrastructure than it is to develop new communities in farm fields and the scenic coast and countryside. Many inner-ring suburbs were built for transit .
Peter Calthorpe and William Fulton in The Regional City advocate for Lewis Mumford and the other New York Regional Plan Association planners' concept of the "regional city." They argue that planners, economists and environmentalists now think that regions drive American patterns of growth because economic, ecological and social patterns function at regional scales. Calthorpe and Fulton argue, "Perhaps most important from our point of view -we are beginning to set aside our outdated view of independent towns and suburbs and coming to see that the region is also a cohesive social unit. In the postwar era, when the suburbs were affluent and older inner-city neighborhoods were in decline, this relationship was not always obvious. But now, many older suburbs are in transition as well-indeed, some are in steep 3 decline-and so it is impossible to ignore the manner in which all our urban and suburban districts are interconnected socially. Old or young, rich or poor, the people of every metropolitan region are bound together in ways that greatly affect their daily lives" (Calthorpe and Fulton,p.16). Because of its proximity to Providence, its location on Narragansett Bay and the Pawtuxet River, and its unique character and history, Pawtuxet Village is a significant node in the southern New England region. Sustainability relies on improving the relationships and defining the roles between the different elements of the regional city. The walkable places with mixed-uses like Pawtuxet Village are an essential element.
Perhaps as importantly, improving community sustainability may encourage a heightened quality of life and enrich community character. Many Americans are searching for a sense of place and trying to create community. Most existing communities have long-standing institutions and civic organizations that are difficult to re-create and build in new developments Duany, et al, 2000;.
Social capital can be manifested and expressed through community design . For example, the traditional village greens and the commons of New England were gathering places for social, recreational, political and commercial pursuits. Public buildings like libraries and courthouses represent and reinforce community ideals.
The connection between community design and social capital is important to consider spatially. Robert Putnam defines social capital as, "the features of a social organization such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit" (Putnam,p. 67 Socanancos in the "Grand Purchase" .
Humans have interacted with this landscape and this ecology for a long time. Historian Robert Freeman notes the presence of man in the Village approximately 10,000 years ago. The archeological record of the Village dates back 6,000 years ago to the Archaic cultural period and Freeman argues that a significant record survives today. Native Americans inhabited this place prior to colonization due to its seasonally abundant food supply. Some of the best gleaning areas are located where freshwater streams flow into saltwater and saltwater inlets (Freeman,. Historian William Cronon argues in Changes in the Land that the purpose of the Narragansett and Nipmuc Indians' place names was, "to turn the landscape into a map, which if studied carefully, literally gave a village' s inhabitants the information they needed to sustain themselves. Place names were used to keep track of beaver dams, the rapids in rivers, oyster banks, egg-gathering spots, cranberry bogs, canoe-repairing places and so on" (Cronon,p. 65; emphasis added). Moreover, he adds that these ecological place-names describe how the land 5 could be used. This is important because the names suggest a community norm or a give a prompt to a possible ecological interaction. Most of these place names, and therefore the cues are lost today, but some of these habitats still exist in the Village.2 Although many of these habitats are fragmented and polluted, there is a historic record of what the ecology was and how it could be restored. Today Pawtuxet Village is increasingly threatened by haphazard development and land management decisions that further degrade its sense of place and its environment.
The Village has a rich colonial heritage and residents are proud of its role as the site of the first armed conflict in the American Revolution, the burning of a British customs ship, Gaspee, in 1772. Throughout the 1 gth century, many Village residents supported themselves through the Triangle Trade and privateering. 3 These "industries" or economies depended on the ecological abundance of the New World and the willingness of the colonists to exploit an inequitable system of labor. Village men sailed to the West Indies and South America with grain, rum and manufactured goods and returned with sugar, molasses and slaves (Kennedy,p. 8).
Marcus Rediker in Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea describes the movement of goods and raw materials among the New World ports during the "golden age of smuggling" ( 1680-1 780) and argues that the system of urban social relations along the Atlantic coast was the precursor to global capitalism (Rediker,p. 73). Cronon and Rediker' s ideas are important because they describe the continuum of ecological interactions in New England and along the Eastern seaboard during a time that some erroneously think was pristine wilderness.
In the early l 9 1 h century at the start of the Industrial Revolution, the coastal trade replaced the Triangle Trade and numerous large textile mills were sited along the banks of the Pawtuxet River. Pawtuxet Village also continued to serve as an important harbor and seaport throughout the 19th century (Kennedy,p. 9).
Later it evolved into a resort area with a regionally famous dance hall and canoe clubs along the Pawtuxet River. Gracious homes, a stately church, handsome mercantile and mill buildings and two yacht clubs comprise the historic, architectural fabric of the Village (D ' Amato, 1992(D ' Amato, , 1196 Unfortunately, most of the commercial property is located on this side of the Village and many of the newer businesses are automobile-oriented and do not respect Village character.
A gas station franchise sits beside the historic church on a former house lot on the Cranston side of the Village. Another gas station franchise is on the northeast side of the street.
The street wall of these historic commercial buildings and the sidewalk are fragmented by a large parking lot and a drive-through window. The utility poles and wires are a source of visual pollution. Source: Krista Alessandro

Green Maps
The process of Green Mapping Pawtuxet Village identified opportunities to highlight, build upon and protect its sustainable features, and it pointed out weaknesses and threats so alternatives can be explored. Three interrelated themes were explored during the course of the Green Mapping project -sustainability, civic engagement and social infrastructure -and they were integrated using community-based mapping.
There is no universally accepted definition of sustainability or sustainable development . The Brundtland Commission's definition of sustainable development is sited frequently. "Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland, 1987). The Victoria Transport Policy Institute has developed a matrix of sustainable issues that summarizes many of the key components of sustainability. These components are often summarized as the Three Es -Economic, Equity and Environment, though this matrix uses "Social" instead of Equity.   Monomier, 1993;.
Community-based mapping is a participatory tool providing the means for residents to become engaged and move towards more sustainable living within their environment. On Sherry Amstein' s "Ladder of Community Participation," this type of community mapping ranks highly (Amstein, 1969). Although an outside investigator initiated the project, Green Map team 5 From How To Be a Bioregionalist, " Bioregion. A life region . A geographical area whose rough boundaries are determined by non-human, rather than human, forces . Bioregions are distinguished from another by characteristic flora, fauna, water, climate, rocks, soils, landforms, and the human settlements and cultures to which these features give rise. The bioregional movement is evolving the theory and practice of integrated systems of ecologically-based economics, agriculture, forestry, technology, law, governance, politics, education, health care, energy, and everything necessary for the human dimension of a given bioregion to function sustainably," (Haenke, http://www.tnews.com/text/how_to_be.html). members decided which conununity elements to include and the author and the community made shared decisions. On Amstein ' ladder, this Green Map project had elements of both "Citizen Control" and "Partnership." Map' s purpose is that she emphasizes Green Maps as a tool for "visitors and virtual tourists" to learn about sustainability. This project uses Green Mapping as a process for residents to develop a local definition of sustainability and as a tool for interactive planning for the future.

Develop and facilitate a community Green Map project team of Pawtuxet Village residents.
Teach a community group about sustainability and to suggest ways in which it might apply to their own community.
The author recruited a Pawtuxet Village family to develop a list of potential Green Map team members and to host the first introductory session. Additional team member prospects were collected at the first introductory session using a snowball technique. 7 A second introductory session was held for the additional team members. The final project team had 15 members comprised of various ages, skills and interests and included residents from Warwick and Cranston. Team members ranged in age from six to seventy-something. Some had lived in the Village their whole lives and others recently moved there. Their occupations were variedan artist, a jeweler, a farmer, a planner, two journalists, a social worker, a librarian, an employee of the state's Department of Environmental Management and a stay-home mother. There were also several retirees and schoolchildren.
At these introductory sessions, the author presented a project overview that included a brief history of Pawtuxet Village and a brief history of Green Mapping and Common Ground Parish Maps. 8 She showed examples of Green Maps from around the world, aerial photographs, renderings and photographs of the Village from the past 300 years, and maps of Pawtuxet 7 After the first session, participants were asked to provide names of additional names of Village residents who may have interest in the project or the names of residents they thought had significant information about the Village. The author then contacted these individuals to join the Green Map team or to interview them.
8 Common Ground Parish Maps are similar to Green Maps. The concept of bottom-up community mapping began in England in the mid 1980s. These maps are more idiosyncratic than Green Maps and do not use standard icons. Parish Maps are based on residents' perceptions of their communities and the elements are drawn to express their relative importance. They have been used to initiate community-based planning initiatives in Britain (Aberley,. Green Maps are representational maps rather than perception maps and they geo-reference particular sites.
Village including topographic maps, plat maps, TEA-21 transportation enhancement renderings, nautical charts, and historic routes and structures, and, finally , a "short course" in sustainability.
The purpose of these sessions was to establish the author's role as an educator, facilitator and technician; the one who was responsible for teaching the community about the concepts of sustainability and cartography and facilitating the process of creating a Green Map of Pawtuxet Village. These educational sessions assisted the project team in exploring the historical geography, and the socio-cultural-biophysical interactions and relationships within the Village. barriers to access for children, the handicapped and the elderly; local heritage buildings; gardens and street trees; locally owned businesses; crime spots; and large community employers (Aberley,.
The author facilitated the selection process for the Scale of Concepts at the introductory session by asking 16 brainstorming questions to the Green Map team: • Which places do you like best in the Village?
• Why did you and/or your family move to Pawtuxet Village?
• Where do you like to walk, run, hike, swim, walk your dog?
• Where do you eat and shop -food, clothing, supplies gardening, gifts?
• How do you travel about the Village? When you leave it?
• Do you use services in the Village -schools, healthcare, the library, entertainment?
• Where and how do you dispose of waste, recyclables, chemicals?
• Where do you see or meet friends and neighbors?
• Do you belong to a Village organization or association? Which one(s)?
• Do you see wildlife in the Village? Where? What kinds?
• What scenic views do you like?
• What seems ugly to you -buildings, graffiti, poles and wires, landscaping, signs?
• Where do people of other ages like to go?
• What's missing in Pawtuxet Village?
• What things or places do you worry about in Pawtuxet Village?
• What could be improved in the Village?
After the brainstorming session, the author explained how the Green Map icons could assist them to think about how to inventory their community. To develop a definition of and inventory sustainable economic development in the Village for the Green Map, the author asked them to think about whether local shops sold energy efficient, recycled or natural products; whether the garden shops had organic gardening or composting supplies; whether there were second-hand or small appliance repair shops; whether there was an office supply shop that sold recycled and refillable supplies and accepted cartridges for recycling; whether the dry-cleaner used non-toxic processes; or whether a landscaping company used green lawn-care practices. The author also suggested they use the yellow pages to see if there were services or companies that were not readily apparent or perhaps home-based.
The Pawtuxet Village Green Map team agreed that local businesses would not qualify solely because they were locally owned or sited in the pedestrian heart of the Village because they thought location and local ownership did not equal sustainable intent. Instead, location and local ownership contributed to economic sustainability, but the product or service needed to be "green." They also decided that antiques shops would not be counted as re-use sites. There was some discussion about this, but they decided that re-using antiques was not done in the same spirit (i.e. intent) as re-using other types of consumer goods like small appliances or clothing.
Lastly, they agreed that shops that only had a very small inventory oflocally made jewelry or other crafts would not be included because so many of the local shops carried mass-produced products made on other continents as the bulk of their inventories. The local goods were more incidentals rather than the featured merchandise.
To inventory "Information and Resources," the team decided to compile a list of all the organizations and institutions in the Village. They were particularly interested in social resources that were provided -support groups, recovery assistance and food banks.
After the introductory session, the Green Map team's scale of concepts emphasized Cultural and Historic Resources, Flora, Fauna and Land and Water. In order to begin their inventory, they agreed to look at attributes that would satisfy all ten categories, but they thought these were the most important and relevant to Pawtuxet Village sustainability. The author suspects this is because they were most interested in identifying those things they were most rich in and the other categories would contain weaker examples or perhaps none at all.
Guide and assist the project team to collect, inventory, site and assess the features and relationships to be depicted on the Green Map. a chance to partner with other environmental groups, the garden club and the neighborhood association.
The author accompanied small groups on Village walks to provide technical support and assist the project team to gather their data using a variety of resources -existing maps and inventories, oral lore and histories, the Yell ow Pages, hand-drawn maps and photography.
However, the majority of the Green Mapping team members' time was spent walking the Village collecting data and noting its location on the Green Map basemap. 11 After the inventory was completed, the author acted as an educator and facilitator for four small group workshops with one to four team members and a larger workshop with the whole team to assess the inventories and to analyze linkages and relationships.

Design a Pawtuxet Village Green Map using the project team's data and guidelines.
The author compiled Rhode Island Geographic Information System (RIGIS) data layers and sited the community attributes on the base map using Arc View computer software and worked with the project team to develop map design guidelines and to create the map with the team' s recommendations. If a project team member had had some interest or experience with GIS, the author would have worked directly with this individual on the technical part of the mapmaking, but no team members were so inclined.
The author presented the first draft of the Green Map to the project team. Afterwards, the author worked with the team to assess the strengths and weaknesses of Pawtuxet Village' s mapped sustainable attributes and to identify opportunities and threats to these features. 11 Appendix 8 includes the worksheets Green Map team members used to inventory the Village.
After this session, the author created and completed the paper Green Map using Arc View. Then, the author developed recommendations to more widely publish and distribute the map and to create a web-based-interactive version. Furthermore, the author developed ongoing action steps to maintain the project as an evolving community resource.

INVENTORY AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT
Over the course of seven weeks, the Green Map team inventoried their community. They used a basemap and the worksheets to note the location of specific features and to answer the following questions: • What makes this place special? (Strengths Inventory) • What don't you like about this place? (Weaknesses Inventory) • Which icon best represents this place? Why?
• Could this place be enhanced? How? (Opportunities Inventory) • Are there threats to this place? What? (Threats Inventory) • What will happen to this place if nothing is done? While inventorying the Village on their own, the Green Map team members did not perceive Village weaknesses as unanimously as they did the strengths. Nearly everyone identified a specific commercial property or the commercial architecture generally as a weakness. The franchise gas stations, the Gaspee Lounge and the Pawtuxet Athletic Club were frequently identified as weaknesses. Most of the team members noted that the absence of a historic zoning district on the Cranston side of the Village was a weakness, but this would not likely be the majority opinion of the whole community. Team members also noted specific places that had graffiti or were poorly maintained. Many of these sources of visual blight were located at the public access points to the water such as the lot behind Shaw' s that is filled with and a high concentration of gas stations and auto repair businesses. No team members noted the absence of "green" businesses and products as a weakness until the author pointed it out to them, but they all agreed this should be included. The following pictures represent Village weaknesses and threats. This is an abandoned textile mill on the Pawtuxet River. Source: Gaytha Langlois This gas station on the Bay was closed because its gas pumps leaked into the ground. The site is being remediated.
A salvage yard sits on one of the nicest lots in the Village. It is located beside the bridge -the River is behind the building and it looks out on the Bay. This business may threaten the water quality of both.
-This early 20 1 h century commercial building in the Village core burned more than four years ago. The building was recently purchased and the new owner plans to rehabilitate it.

27
The Gaspee Lounge was frequently mentioned as a weakness. The author suspects the motorcycle-riding clientele is not popular with Village residents.
Cameron's Pharmacy is a Village meeting place, but the building and the billboard are ugly. The owner plans to retrofit the building.
The team did a thorough job inventorying their community though they had a hard~r time filling in the worksheet questions that asked them about how to enhance particular features.
They were able to identify strengths, weakness and threats, but they were less able to recognize opportunities or to make suggestions about how to take advantage of their strengths or to overcome weaknesses.
The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) Analysis on the following page is a synthesis of the team members' community inventories. The action items in the middle cells of the matrix were developed during a workshop led by the author where the team members presented their individual inventories and the group brainstormed ways to capitalize on strengths and opportunities and minimize weaknesses and threats. The author facilitated the process by presenting the group with choices and alternatives if they were struggling to make decisions.

FINDINGS
While the main objectives of this project were to teach a community group about sustainability and to suggest ways in which it might apply to their own community by developing a Green Map, there were some interesting findings that were unique to Pawtuxet Village that should be discussed. These findings may assist future planning initiatives in the Village or future Green Mappers.

Pawtuxet Village Boundary
Before this project, there was no map of Pawtuxet Village. There were historic maps and a hand drawn map made by the Gaspee Days Committee that showed the parade route, but no map existed that could be used by either City' s Planning Department or other groups. A few Green Map team members noted that some residents defined the core of the Village as Ocean Avenue to the North, Narragansett Boulevard to the South, the coast to the East and the Pawtuxet River Bridge to the West. However, this is only the commercial center of the Village and it excludes most all of the residential property, the institutions and the waterfront parks.
The author decided to expand this traditional core boundary and drew the Pawtuxet Village boundary purposefully large to include the Village core and the surrounding neighborhoods in the two cities. It was not possible to have a meaningful conversation about sustainability or develop a Green Map using only the Village core. The Green Map team discussed a series of alternatives and came to an agreement. Only the Village' s Northern boundary was difficult to delineate because there is no natural feature or major road.
To more thoroughly describe the spatial relationships of sustainability across scales, One of the Village' s attributes that could be more sustainable is the location of a locally owned grocery store in the pedestrian core of the Village. Team members and residents like the market, but they object to the stewardship of the building. The grocery does not sell organic or local food nor does it carry " green" cleaning products or household supplies like energy efficient light bulbs. modernized and/or covered in vinyl. Other historic buildings have been razed and replaced with buildings that detract from the Village' s character.
Additionally, there were missed opportunities to make changes during retrofitting projects. The TEA-21 traffic-calming project is a good example. The streetscape enhancements will not include the removal of poles and wires and the expansion of sidewalks along a narrow portion of Broad Street. There is a second retrofitting project to treat stormwater that is being led The Bay Versus the River Though the view of the Pawtuxet River from the bridge in the Village core was very important to all team members, only a few people included the paths along the Pawtuxet River and the surrounding healthy riparian buffer as important attributes for the Green Map. There are two very active groups that work on Pawtuxet River recreation and restoration issues, but they are not particularly visible to the average resident. One is a professional group that works in the whole watershed, the Pawtuxet River Authority, and the other is a local group of volunteers, the Friends of the Pawtuxet. Notably, the water quality of the Pawtuxet River has improved dramatically in the last twenty years, but Green Map team members as a whole view the Bay as the more important water feature. The author learned that most residents consider Pawtuxet Village as a bayfront community and for many the river is an afterthought. There are two yacht clubs in the Village and numerous boats are moored in Pawtuxet Cove. However, there is no river canoe rental and the last canoe clubs closed after World War I.
The historic records show that the River and the Bay were equally popular recreation destinations in the 19th century through the early 20th century (D' Amato, 1992 and. It is likely that when the health of the River declined due to the textile mills dumping that the River became less desirable for hiking and canoeing. Additionally, the River access is difficult. The trailhead is behind Rhodes on the Pawtuxet in the rear of an enormous parking lot that is bordered by two larger parking lots. There is also a chain across the main trailhead and canoe put-in to prevent car access. The pedestrian bridge and signs are covered in graffiti. Now that the water quality has improved, these barriers to the River could be remedied fairly easily, but it will be interesting to see if the Village returns to the River. While more Pawtuxet Village residents and Green Map team members enjoy and use the Bay than the River, the Bay is a place people play on rather than in or they just take in the view.
It is used for boating and a few people fish along the banks, but no one is swimming here in the Upper Bay. Today, residents accept the water quality as it is and seem content to drive to South County to swim at those beaches.
People stopped swimming in the Upper Bay in the early 20 1 h century. The Pawtuxet Cove House on the Bay (circa 1890) was the site of the Clambake Resort Club that was used as a beach pavilion until it was tom down in the early 20 1 h century (Kennedy,p. 19 would be worthwhile to tap into them. The parking lots at these buildings could be used for shared parking and Rhodes was mentioned as the future site for a Village farmers' market.

Historic Preservation and Habitat Restoration
The Green Map team members had two main interests -historic preservation and habitat restoration. Every Green Map team member was involved with at least one local group that worked on one of these issues. This is probably a coincidence, but more Green Mappers from the Cranston side of the Village, where there is not a historic zoning district, were interested in historic preservation and the Green Mappers from Warwick, where there is a historic zoning district, were involved in habitat restoration. This was too small a group to be statistically significant and there were people from both sides of the Village involved in both issues.
If the local residents do continue with the Green Map project in the future, the author suspects they will rally around these two issues and look for ways they can partner and share resources. The Green Mappers left with a better understanding of how working on and combining preservation and restoration projects could enhance overall sustainability and lessen the fragility of the Village. There needs to be a greater effort to marry these ideas to economic development and redevelopment in the Village.

Linking Attributes to Action
As mentioned earlier, the Green Map team did an extensive Village inventory, but they had a harder time envisioning enhancements, threats and opportunities to these attributes. When the group came together to do the SWOT analysis, they were able to think of ways that groups of people or the two cities could capitalize on opportunities or minimize threats, but no one was thinking of individual responses or behavioral changes households and businesses could make. 46 The only individual actions that were discussed was a small subset of the Green Map team that decided to explore the creation of a Village Farmer' s Market. One Green Map team member is an organic farmer and another works for the Department of Environmental Management. These two started working together to explore this opportunity from the supply side and the administrative end.
Of course, sustainability also depends on the actions of individuals. It is part of the planner's job to educate, remove structural barriers and enhance design so individuals can change their behavior more easily. This project was conceived of as a team effort in a collaborative atmosphere so this may be why the team generated responses to be accomplished by organizations and government. Since it was already difficult to spatially show the location of small organizations it would be hard or perhaps invasive to site places where individuals are making a sustainable contribution. A map that has an icon for family compost bins or households where a commuter bikes to work is not practical. Though icons do exist for buildings with sustainable design features, these represent attributes rather than behavior. Yes, sustainable attributes stem from sustainable behavior, but the latter is hard to depict. The Green Map concept lends itself more to awareness-building and community sustainability as defined by community attributes rather than actions.

The Green Map' s Audiences
Choosing the Green Map' s audience was the only source of tension between the author and the team during the bottom-up process. The Green Map team and the author both perceived the Green Map as a tool for future change and action, but we differed as to how to use the tool.
Our compromise was to develop a series of maps rather than a single Green Map.

47
The author views the Green Map as a planning tool that created momentum around the idea of Pawtuxet Village sustainability and gives the Village a community-based resource that could be used by local organizations, residents and the two planning departments to guide future action. In the future, the Green Map could become interactive and evolve. The Pawtuxet River Authority and the Cranston and Warwick Planning Departments are all interested in the Green Map for these purposes.
The Green Map team wanted a map that is similar to a boosterism or tourism map that could be used as a fundraising tool. They did not want it to depict pollution sources or visual blight. Instead they view it as something that would be a work of art that could be hung in people's homes and sold to tourists. The proceeds from the Green Map could be shared among local organizations to implement enhancement projects.
It is significant that professional planners are interested in plans and maps produced by community residents using a bottom-up technique. When the professionals and the residents disagree about how to use bottom-up maps and how to resolve the issue is a subject for further study.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Through the Green Mapping process, the team learned about Pawtuxet Village' s potential for sustainability. The SWOT Analysis helped them to develop strategies to capitalize on strengths and opportunities, and ways to overcome and minimize weaknesses and threats in order to pursue sustainability. The Green Mapping team' s strategies are listed below and these are the integral part of the project's recommendations to move forward towards a more sustainable community. These strategies complement the Green Map itself and create opportunities for dialogue among residents and the cities' professionals. Additional ideas follow as to how to distribute and use the Pawtuxet Village Green Map in the future.

SWOT Analysis Strategies
• Expand existing retrofitting projects to improve the environment as well as aesthetics and mobility.
• Coordinate projects to share expertise and resources among community groups.
• Explore shared parking opportunities.
• Use water amenities and identity to mobilize and organize planning and development.
• Use community groups as a forum to establish community norms that link personal behavior to the vitality and health of the Village and its environment.
• Create a commercial overlay district or restrict franchise architecture.
• Reach out to local merchants to capitalize on consumer interest in the Village Natural and a farmers ' market to expand "green" businesses and services.
• Make explicit the competing themes of Special Sense of Place and Sense of Fragility to guide action and planning.
• Use residential architecture as a model for commercial architecture.
• Continue to promote partnerships between the two cities.
• Look for public-private partnership opportunities among the cities and local organizations.
Publishing and Distributing the Pawtuxet Village Green Map The Green Map team included several artists (one of whom is a graphic designer) and journalists, who have interest and expertise in developing and publishing the Green Map. The Green Map that the team created for this project will be the basemap and the data source for a more artistic and beautiful Green Map. Rather than publishing the map in its present Arc View format, which is best used for an analytical rather than artistic presentation, these team members plan to enhance the map using graphic design and publishing software. Once the Green Map is edited, these team members plan to print it on recycled paper using soy-based ink.
The team members who have an ongoing interest in the project plan to use the Green Map as a fundraising tool for the Gaspee Days Committee. Their goal is to create a map that includes the Village's strengths and scenic attributes that would be suitable for framing and displayed as artistic cartography. Any proceeds that the map was to generate would be used for enhancement projects in the Village.
This edited map would be similar to the Green Map for the state of Rhode Island because it highlights positive features rather than negative ones. This map would be less useful for planning purposes, but it may generate pride and enthusiasm for the Village that lead to sustainable enhancements.

Interactive On-Line Green Map
The author thinks the development of an interactive, on-line Pawtuxet Village Green Map would help sustain the project into the future because it would then be accessible to the widest 50 audience -residents, tourists, Village organizations, planners and other city personnel. It would be available in real-time and it is a relatively inexpensive medium that could continue to be used as a planning tool. 16 The web-based version of the map would allow people to click on a particular icon and learn more about the specific places the icons represent. Additionally, people could add new icons and new sites as change occurred in the Village.
An interactive, on-line version of the Green Map could also provide information and links to sustainable resources and allied groups in the Village. For example, content could include information about how households could contribute to Pawtuxet Village sustainability like how-to guides to environmentally friendly lawn care, composting, recycling, waste disposal and water quality management, or where to buy locally grown food, green cleaning products and energy-conserving consumer goods.
The website could also become a forum for discussion and coordination among citizens, local government and organizations. Plans could be posted for comment and design review.
Public hearings and other meetings could be announced. The site might also include a directory